Engineered Spores and Spore-based Materials

One of the limitations in living materials thus far is that the living functionality only works in mild, hydrated environments where engineered cells can perform basic metabolism. In that sense, sporulating microorganisms offer unique advantages in producing engineered living materials. Because these spores can survive harsh conditions, such as dehydration, nutrient limitation, organic solvents, and oxidative stress, spore-containing composite materials could be produced in a dried form. To utilize spore as a functional module incorporated in polymeric materials, we are engineering high-density recombinant protein display on the surface of mature spores. Utilizing spores instead of enzymes or chemical catalysts brings unique advantages because it is potentially scalable, environmentally friendly, recyclable, and renewable. Embedding engineered spores displaying state-of-the-art biocatalytic machinery in synthetic materials will yield a series of novel materials useful for solving important challenges in sustainability.

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Dynamic Cellular Living Materials

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Reaction-Driven Dynamic Phase Behaviors